India is one of the worst fluorosis affected countries, with large number of people suffering. This is because a large number of Indians rely on groundwater for drinking purposes and water at many places is rich in fluoride. In India 62 million people including 6 million children are estimated to have serious health problems (dental and skeletal fluorosis) due to consumption of fluoride contaminated water. As per Indian standard IS10500 for drinking water, the maximum permissible concentration of fluoride in drinking water is 1 mg/L.

This fluoride remediation technology for ground water is low cost, simple regeneration (adjusting pH of adsorbent), adsorbent can be regenerated for any number of times, no loss of water in remediation process, regenerate solution can be reused for any number of times and its volume (initially 5 % of volume of remediated water) is decreases with increasing the cycle of regeneration (after 10 cycle ~ 2%), adorbent?s capacity factor (~15 mg/g of adsorbent) remains same even at very high TDS (>1000) of water and with any number of regeneration, no significant change in pH (± 0.3) and TDS (± 40) of raw and treated water, no residual adsorbent(<10 ppb) in the treated water, no consumption of electricity and no waste generated.

SALIENT FEATURES

• No waste generated
• Low cost and simple regeneration
• Adsorbent can be regenerated for a number of times
• No loss of water in remediation process
• High capacity factor (15 mg/g)

Fluoride is known to occur at elevated concentrations in a number of parts of the world and in such circumstances can have, and often has, a significant adverse impact on public health and well-being. India is one of the worst fluorosis affected countries, with large number of people suffering. This is because a large number of Indians rely on groundwater for drinking purposes and water at many places is rich in fluoride. In India 62 million people including 6 million children are estimated to have serious health problems (dental and skeletal fluorosis) due to consumption of fluoride contaminated water. As per Indian standard IS10500 for drinking water, the maximum permissible concentration of fluoride in drinking water is 1 mg/L. 
A fluoride remediation technology is needed which should satisfy the main following criteria:
1. Low cost. 
2. No use of electricity. 
3. Adsorbent used for remediation should be reusable. 
4. No waste generation. 
The main objective of this work is to develop a fluoride remediation technology which satisfies the above mentioned parameters.

This fluoride remediation technology for ground water is low cost, simple regeneration (adjusting pH of adsorbent), adsorbent can be regenerated for any number of times, no loss of water in remediation process, regenerate solution can be reused for any number of times and its volume (initially 5 % of volume of remediated water) is decreases with increasing the cycle of regeneration (after 10 cycle ~ 2%), adorbent?s capacity factor (~15 mg/g of adsorbent) remains same even at very high TDS (>1000) of water and with any number of regeneration, no significant change in pH (± 0.3) and TDS (± 40) of raw and treated water, no residual adsorbent(<10 ppb) in the treated water, no consumption of electricity and no waste generated.

ADVANTAGES

• No consumption of electricity
• No waste generated
• Low cost and simple regeneration
• Adsorbent can be regenerated for a number of times
• No loss of water in remediation process
• High capacity factor (15 mg/g)

DESCRIPTION

The TFRW consists of

• Premix reagent A & B
• Add into fluoride contaminated water
• Filter through terracotta filter
• Collect fluoride free water

REQUIREMENTS

a. Infrastructure Requirements

b. Statutory Requirements

• Statutory clearances for safe handling of various acids and chemicals and a small-scale industrial registration are required. Pollution control board clearance.

c. Raw materials

• All the raw materials required to utilize this TFRW technology are freely available in the Indian market.

d. Manpower requirements

• One operator.